Frankin was a Devon brewer who was put out of business by Cider makers. So he sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for 3 days of frost from May 21st. He hoped the cold would destroy the apple blossom and ruin the Cider Crop.
In fact, today is warm and sunny. It seems to me to be the day to cast my clouts out. (see my post clouts and casting here.) We started with very nice May weather, and then it went wintery. But we have had a few warm days now and I have just put all my winter and spring coats and wolly socks away. But I haven’t yet got the short-sleeved shirts out of underbed storage. Frankin’s legend is another warning about cold weather in May . We have also heard about the Ice saints such as St Pancras who are supposed to bring icy weather to mid May.
Cold Sheep
Sheep farmers are also warned to beware cold weather in May:
‘Shear your sheep in May You’ll shear them all away.’
The poor sheep will die in thunder and lighting:
‘Thunder in May Frightens the Summer Away‘
Green Jean and Marrying in May
Marrying in May is also supposedly unlucky (and I did see a bare shouldered bride regretting her dress choice on a cold day in Stratford-upon-Avon!).
‘Married in May and kirked in green Both Bridge and Bridgroom won’t long be seen O’ Marriage in May Bairns die in decay’
This was recorded in 1892. Green is an unlucky colour in Scotland for wedding dresses, and there are a number of ghostly Green Ladies in Scottish Castles such as Wemsyss. Here she is called ‘Green Jean’. She is beautiful, tall, slim lady with a long dress of green who swishes as she glides bu startled observers.
Titue Oates & Popish Plot. Set of playing cards themed on the Plot c1679 after a design by Francis Barlow
This post is about Titus Oates and the Popish Plot but first more on May 20th
On This Day
On May 20th Castor was mortally wounded. Castor and his brother Pollux raped and abducted Phoebe, and her sister Hilaira. Their betrothed attacked the twins, and ran Castor through. Jupiter, Pollux’s father, saved Pollus, who cried
‘Father, hear my words: That heaven you grant me alone, share between us Half will be more, then, than the whole of your gift.’
So Jupiter saved Castor and allowed the divine Twins to change places in Mount Olympus alternately. For more about the Gemini, read my piece on heteropaternal superfecundation and the Twins.
1609 – Shakespeare’s sonnets published in London, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe. The sonnets are endlessly controversial, as to how autobiographical they are.
1954 – Bill Haley & His Comets released ‘Rock Around the Clock’
1964 – Discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Robert Woodrow Wilson and Arno Penzias. This was the key experimental evidence of the Big Bang theory.
Titus Oates
He was a con-man. He accused leading Catholics of participating in a plot to kill King Charles II and restore a Catholic monarchy. Among his targets were the Queen, and the King’s Brother’s wife.
Titus Oates had a complicated past. He was a Baptist who turned to the Church of England on the Restoration of King Charles II. He studied at Cambridge. But was accused of being a ‘Great Dunce’ and never took his degree. His next about turn saw him in St Omer to train as a Jesuit. He accused a man, whose job he wanted, of sodomy. Then, he became a Naval Chaplain. But he was, himself, accused of buggery and dismissed from the Navy. He was received into the Catholic Church while, at the same time, he wrote a series of anti-Catholic Pamphlets. He made accusations against over 500 people. This became known as the Popish Plot.
As a result, twenty-two people were executed. Some were ‘Hanged, Drawn and Quartered’ because of Oates’ baseless accusations. The Diarist, Samuel Pepys, was caught up in the anti-Catholic frenzy. Pepys was Secretary of the Navy during the Plot and was close to the Catholic, James, Duke of York. He was accused of selling secrets to the French. Awaiting trial for treason, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Eventually, he was able to clear himself and resume public life. (read this article on the /the-plot-against-pepys/.
Whipped from Aldgate to Tyburn
Old Print of Samuel Pepys
It was only with the accession of James II that the climate of opinion changed. Then Titus Oates was found guilty of perjury. Perjury was not punishable with death, so Oates’ punishment was a long-drawn-out affair instead. He was sentenced to be imprisoned for life. And ‘whipped through the streets of London for five days a year for the remainder of his life.’
Oates was put in the pillory at Westminster Hall, where passers-by pelted him with eggs. He was again pilloried the next day in the City. On the third day, stripped, tied to a cart, and whipped from Aldgate to Newgate. The following day he was whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. (Source Wikipedia)
However, when the Catholic King, James II was deposed and replaced by the joint Protestant monarchs William and Mary in 1689, Titus Oates was released and given a pension. He died in 1705.
For Pepys at the Execution of Charles I see my post here.
First Published in 2024, republished in 2025, On This Day added 2026
The beheading of Anne Boleyn began at 8am with her speech.
‘Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it.
I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the King and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord.
And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.’
She was blindfolded. She knelt down, putting her neck on the block and repeated:
‘ToJesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive my soul.’ The French Swordsman then chopped off her head.
Recorded by Edward Hall (spelling modernized)
Henry ViiI had allowed his wife the mercy of a French expert swordsman from English Calais. According to a letter from William Kingston to Thomas Cromwell:
‘And then she said “I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,” and put her hand about it laughing heartily.‘
Here is a slightly annoyingly American youtube feature recreating what Anne Boleyn might have looked like. (adverts may preceed it from which I derive no advantage!).
You might like to read about Queen Elizabeth I’s nicknames for her chief advisers, here.
1798 – Napoleon Bonaparte and his expeditionary force leave France to invade Egypt. The idea was to reduce British influence in the Eastern Mediterranean and in India. But Nelson defeated the French Navy in the Battle of the Nile and Napoleon returned to France to take over control. The British took over the booty the French had seized and the Rosetta Stone came to the British Museum.
1962 – Marilyn Monroe sang “Happy Birthday” to John F. Kennedy at Madison Square Garden.
The Temple of Vaccinia at Dr Edward Jenner’s House and Garden in Berkeley, Gloucestershire. (‘watercolour’ from a photo)
Edward Jenner returned to Berkeley, Gloucester having finished his medical training in London. (Jenner trained as a surgeon under John Hunter is St George’s Hospital, London) He noticed that milkmaids did not get smallpox. There had also been other experiments in use of cowpox. On May 14, 1796 he took cowpox pus from the hand of milkmaid Sarah Nelmes and placed it into a small cut on James Phipps’ arm. Phipps was Jenner’s gardner’s son. Sarah caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom. Blossom’s skin hangs on the wall of the St George’s Medical School library, now in Tooting, London.
The first vaccinations were done in the small hut above, which Jenner nicknamed the Temple of Vaccinia. It has just reopened after conservation work supported by public grants. The museum is at The Chantry, once Jenner’s home. It includes the Physic Garden, the Old Cyder House, and the Temple of Vaccinia. It opened in 1985. Jenner gave his inoculations free and did not patent the idea. ~Jenner chose Vaccinia because vacca is the latin word for cow.
After inoculating James Phipps with cowpox, Jenner took some smallpox and put it into a cut on James Phipps arm but Phills did not catch smallpox. This is, perhaps, not the most ethical way to proceed, but Jenner was proved right and now the world has virtually eradicated Small pox.
Inoculation and Variolation
Jenner himself was inoculated with a dose of smallpox as a 13 year old boy. This was called Variolation. Smallpox affected between 20 and 30% of the population, but if a small dose was taken from an infected patient and given to someone without an infection, the chance of death was 1-2%. But the person was prevented from further infection. 30% of people with smallpox died, so given how prevalent smallpox was it was a wise gamble. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whose brother died of smallpox, was disfigured by smallpox. In Turkey she witnessed inoculation, and had her 5 year old son inoculated. On its success she promoted inoculation in England.
Jenner’s insight was that cowpox was similar to smallpox, although not deadly, and if given to people it gave immunity to the smallpox, without the risk of death.
Ruins of St Pancras, Canterbury Photo: K Flude (note the reused Roman Bricks.)
St Pancras and the Ice Saints
It has been unusual cold in the last few days. You can blame this on the St Pancras and the Ice Saints. These are saints with feast days from May 11th to May 14th. They are: St. Mamertus, St. Pancras, and St. Servatius (and in some countries, Saint Boniface of Tarsus – Wikipedia). They represent a medieval belief that there was often a cold snap in early May. So the idea of the Ice Saints was probably to help persuade farmers to delay sowing until later in May. But modern statistics disprove this, but it is true that a late frost can cause havoc with crops.
St Pancras in Rome
He was a 14 year old who refused to give up his Christian Faith during the persecution of Christians by the Emperor Diocletian. He was beheaded on the Via Aurelia, in Rome, traditionally, on 12 May 303 AD. His body was buried in the Catacombs, but his head is kept in a reliquary in the Church of Saint Pancras in Rome.
Pancras means ‘all-powerful’ in Greek. His youth makes him the Patron Saint of children, but he is also the patron saint of jobs and health. He is ‘invoked’ against cramps, false witnesses, headaches, and perjury.
St Pancras in Canterbury
Pope Gregory is said to have given St Augustine relics from St Pancras when his mission came to Kent in 597AD. They built a church dedicated to St Pancras in Canterbury. The ruins still survive in the grounds of what is now St Augustine’s, Canterbury (see picture at top of this post).
St Pancras in London
St Pancras, Old Church, London (Photo: Kevin Flude)
This story is partly responsible for the claims that St Pancras Old Church, in Camden (pictured above) is a very old foundation. It is claimed there was a late Roman place of worship here. But there is very little solid evidence for this. It is also argued that, if it isn’t late Roman, then it dates to just after 604AD. This is when St Mellitus, sent by St Augustine, established St Pauls Cathedral. It is suggested that Mellitus also founded St Pancras Church. St Pancras’ Church was a Prebend of St Pauls Cathedral (a Prebend provides the stipend (pay) to support a Canon of a Cathedral). But this is not evidence it was established as early as the Cathedral was, and there really isn’t any other credible evidence for a 604 date.
When the Church was restored, the architects said it was mostly Tudor work with traces of Norman architecture. However, it was reported that a Roman tile or two were reused in the fabric. This is about the only evidence, but it helps keep the legend going.
If you read the Wikipedia page, you will see evidence of two strands to the contributions. One is playing down the legends of its early foundation. The other trying to keep hold of its place as among the ‘earliest sites of Christian worship’. Read the wikipedia page here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church to make up your own mind.
It is a lovely Church, on an impressive site, with links to Thomas Hardy, and Sir John Soane whose tomb is the design inspiration for the iconic Red Telephone Box.
As Patron Saint of Headaches, St Pancras Day is a good day to make worms come out of your head. Or so say the Fairfax Household Book of the 17th/18th Century as quoted in Charles Kightly’s ‘The Perpetual Almanac’:
‘To make a worm come out of the head. Take, in May, the marrow of a bull or cow, and put it warm into the ear, and the worm will come forth for sweetness of the marrow.’
Generally,willow bark was used for headaches. We know this would have worked as the bark contains salicin, which is converted by the body into salicylic acid. This is a precursor to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). But it is not as effective.
On This Day
113 – Trajan’s Column is finished in Rome. Reliefs sculptures on the Column celebrate his victory over the Dacians. There is a copy made of plaster on display at the V&A. The sculptures provide a prime document on the Roman army.
1593 – London playwright Thomas Kyd is arrested and tortured. He lived with Christopher Marlowe. In the search of their rooms, it was claimed they found evidence of atheism and blasphemous documents, including the claim that Jesus was homosexual. Kyd claimed the documents were Marlowe’s. Marlowe was awaiting news of whether he was going to prosecuted, when he was murdered in a tavern in Deptford, possibly by Government agents.
First Published in 2024, revised 2025 OnThis day added in 2026
A swarm in May Is worth a load of hay A swarm in June Is worth a silver spoon A swarm in July Is not worth a fly.‘
‘Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry’ published 1573, suggests we should:
‘Take heed to thy Bees, that are ready to swarm, the loss thereof now, is a crown’s worth of harm.’
According to Hillman’s ‘Tusser Redivus’ of 1710, swarming in May produces particularly good honey. ‘Their hours of swarming are for the most part between the hours of ten and three, and they ought to be watched every day.’ He advises following the bees to retrieve them:
‘You are entitled by custom to follow them over anyone’s land and claim them … but only so long as you ‘ting-tang’ as you go, by beating some metal utensil – the sound whereof is also said to make your bees stop.’
Much of the above is quoted from The Perpetual Almanac of Folklore by Charles Kightly.
Queen Bee
Bees swarm when a new Queen Bee takes a proportion of the worker bees to form a new colony. They will latch unto a branch or a shrub, even a car’s wing mirror. Then sending worker bees out searching for a suitable new home, such as a hollow tree. There may be hundreds or even thousands in the new colony. This may be very alarming. But, at this point, they will not be aggressive as they do not have a hive to protect. Look here for more information on swarming.
Sweet, Long Distance Flyers
An average hive will produce 25 lbs of honey, and the bees will fly 1,375,000 miles to produce it. This is like flying 55 times around the world (according to the British beekeepers Association (and my maths)) https://www.bbka.org.uk/honey
Swarming in Hackney
Swarm of Bees, Hackney (Photo Kevin Flude 30th May 2018). The Swarm is at the top of the Column and on the edge of the porch roof.
In 2018, on 30th May, I was perturbed to find a swarm of Bees hanging outside my front door. Frightened of leaving my house, I rang a local beekeeper, who came to take possession of the Bees and take them to a new home. By the time he came, they had moved 20 yards to a Buddleia bush.
Swarm of Bees, having moved 20 yards to a second perch, being ‘rescued’ by a bee keeper. You can see the swarm above his head.
Helping Bees
Bees are still having a hard time as their habitats are diminishing and threats increasing. In July, DEFRA hosts Bees’ Needs Week 2026: 13 to 19 July. This aims to increase public awareness of the importance of pollinators.
They suggest we can help by these 5 simple actions
Grow more nectar rich flowers, shrubs, and trees. Using window or balcony boxes are good options if you don’t have a garden.
Let patches of garden and land grow wild.
Cut grass less often.
Do not disturb insect nests and hibernation spots.
Think carefully about whether to use pesticides.
Patron Saints of Bees include: St. Ambrose, St. Gobnait, and St. Valentine. Click here to see my post of St Valentine.
On This Day
1821 – Napoleon dies in exile on the island of Saint Helena.
1835 – The first railway in continental Europe opens between Brussels and Mechelen, which is 36 kms.
1964 – Europe Day is launched by the Council of Europe but the European Union celebrates Peach and Unity in Europe on May 9th
First Published 2024, revised 2025, rearranged 2026
Rodmas – Rood screen in St. Helen’s church, Ranworth, Norfolk by Maria CC BY-SA 3.0
Rood is another word for the Cross. Parish Churches used to have a Rood Screen separating the holy Choir from the more secular Nave. This screen was topped with a statue of the Crucified Jesus nailed to a Rood. So, Roodmas, is the festival of the Holy Cross. Roodmas is celebrated on May 3rd and September 14th, although the Church of England aligned has itself with the Catholic Church’s main celebration on September 14th.
See my post on September 14th here for more on the True Cross.
Object of the Week
Mechanical Celestrial Globe, 1575 (Holburne Museum Bath) Photo K Flude
I spent a couple of days in Bath and revisited the Holburne Museum. Here I saw this amazing object from the 16th Century. The Globe is a model of the universe, and built to show the movement of the constellations, but it also tells the time and date. So the user can see when a constellation appears above the horizon and where it will be in real time. The mechanics are designed to be seen from inside the Globe, so reading it from the outside requires a mental adjustment to the mirror image of the stella sphere. It also show a pre-Copernican view as the stars were imagined as if on the inside of a huge sphere circulating around the earth. For more information please read the label below.
Museum Label for Celestial Globe.Close up of the surface of the Globe showing Orion. Photo K Flude
The Shropshire News reported that two pieces of the True Cross were given to Charles III by the Pope for the Coronation. They were installed into a cross called the Welsh Cross. This was part of the Coronation Procession. The King gave the Cross (I assume with the pieces of the Holy Cross) to the Church in Wales. Let the Shropshire News tell the story:
It is a clear reminder that we are subjects not citizens and news, as a nation, we still set store by superstitions.
The Duke of Buckingham and the True Cross
The Duke of Buckingham had a piece of the True Cross in his collection, which he kept at York House in the early 17th Century. How he got it, I don’t know. But I think he must have acquired it in the aftermath of the destruction of the Reformation. John Tradescant, who looked after the Duke’s collection until Buckingham was murdered, had a piece of the True Cross. Tradecant created Britain’s first Museum, Tradescant’s Ark. Again, I suspect (without any evidence) that he got the fragment from Buckingham. Was he gifted it? Did he acquire it after the murder? Or shiver off a timber fragment hoping no one would notice?
First Written on May 3rd 2023, revised 2024, 2025, Object of the Day added 2026
The Stinking Idol : An Imagined Scene at the Maypole at St Andrew Undershaft
This post is about the end of the Maypole in London but first:
On This Day
Old Print of the French Executioner dispatching Anne Boleyn with a sword rather than an axe.
1536 – Anne Boleyn arrested on ‘charges of adultery, incest, treason and witchcraft.’ But, Claire Ridgway in her post here and her book, show that she was never accused of witchcraft in court. The stories of extra fingers, and teats, are all later Catholic propaganda aimed at weakening Elizabeth’s claims to the throne. She was accused of adultery. Five men were executed for sleeping with her: her brother George Boleyn, (Lord Rochford); Sir Henry Norris, groom of the stool; courtier Sir Francis Weston; courtier William Brereton, and musician Mark Smeaton. Incest with her brother (one possible explanation of the incest is the idea that she desperately needed a baby and if she needed a surrogate then her brother was safest as the child would have a family resemblance to her and not rouse any suspicions from Henry of adultery. The other explanation is that Anne never commited incest!). Treason, well sleeping with someone other than the King risked imperilling the blood line of the Royal Family. It also gave a motive for killing the king.
A new portrait has been claimed to be of Anne Boleyn, the only one to have been done in her lifetime. But it has been revealed by AI, and some art historians are not convinced. Follow this link to see for your self.
1559 – John Knox returns from exile to Scotland to lead the Scottish Reformation.
1568 – Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Lochleven Castle. You could blame John Knox for the hostility Mary faced as a Catholic governing a country rapidly turning Presbyterian.
1611 – The King James Version of the Bible is published by printer Robert Barker. His printshop was at Northumberland House, Aldersgate Street, in the City of London. (as far as I can see no one else seems to know where the printing was done.)
Northumberland House marked in yellow nearAldersgate. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/NORT2.htm. INP.
The Printer then went on to create the worst possible error in publishing history by omitting the word NOT in the 6th or 7th Commandment, ‘Thou Shalt Commit Adultery’. This edition became known as the Wicked Bible. Barker & Howard are still in the publishing industry and have offices in the East End of London.
The King James Bible introduced many phrases into the English language, including:
The apple of his eye The four horsemen of the apocalypse Baptism of fire Chariots of Fire O death, where is thy sting? Like a thief in the night Weighed in the balance and found wanting
1670 – King Charles II of England granted a charter to the Hudson’s Bay Company. In 1917 my 17 year old Grandfather sailed to the Hudson bay as an able seaman for the Hudson’s Bay Company.
1982 – The British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror sunk the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano. It was controversial as the Belgrano was outside the Exclusion zone, and said to be sailing away from the conflict. 323 Argentine sailors were killed. The event, arguably, changed Mrs Thatcher political fortunes.
1995 – Allies Statue unveiled. The Statue of Churchill and Roosevelt set up to commemorate 50 years of peace. 30 years later, how we wonder what Churchill and Roosevelt would say about the current state of NATO? https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/11351
‘Allies’ Roosevelt and Churchill by by Lawrence Holofcener, unveiled on May 2nd 1995 by Princess Margaret and Lord Snowdon
The Maypole or rather ‘This Stinking Idoll’
Philip Stubbes, wrote a vitriolic attack on pagan practices in his ‘Anatomy of Abuses in 1583’. He fired a broadside at the tradition of dancing around the Maypole. He said they had: ‘as Superintendent and Lord ouer their pastimes and sportes: namely, Sathan Prince of Hell‘ as they erected ‘this stinking Idoll’. By which he meant the Maypole. Stubbes suggested that of the maids who went out to the woods on May Eve, less than one-third returned ‘undefiled‘.
Evil May Day Riots
The Maypole was stored at St Andrew Cornhill, which became known as St Andrew Undershaft. In 1517, it was attacked during the ‘Evil May Day riots’. The main focus of the riot was foreign workers. The Under Sheriff of the time, Thomas More, tried to quell it, meeting the rioters at the corner of Cheapside and St Martin’s Legrande. But 5,000 troops commanded by the Duke of Northfolk was necessary to regain control of the City. 300 rioters were arrested. One hanged, drawn and quartered, 13 hanged and nearly 300 pardoned after the intercession of Woseley and/or Katherine of Aragon (depending on which historian you read). The shaft was returned to its place under the eves of the houses in Shaft Alley. But apparently banned from being raised again.
1549 May Day Riots
However in 1549, the curate of nearby St Katharine Cree Church made an inflammatory speech. This incited a Puritan mob, who cut the shaft into pieces and burnt it. I always imagine the Curate’s sermons to be along the same lines as Phillip Stubbes attack on the Maypole.
Maypole: this Stinking Idol, Rather
Here is a longer description of the May Day Celebrations by Stubbes.
‘But their chiefest iewel they bring from thence is the Maie-poale, which they bring home with great veneration, as thus: They haue twentie, or fourtie yoake of Oxen, euery Oxe hauing a sweete Nosegaie of flowers tyed on the tip of his homes, and these Oxen drawe home this Maie-poale (this stinking ldoll rather) which is couered all ouer with Flowers and Hearbes, bound round about with strings from the top to the bottome, and sometimes painted with variable collours, with two or three hundred men, women and children following it, with great deuotion.
And thus being rearedvp, with handkerchiefes and flagges streaming on the top, they strawe the ground round about, bind green boughes about it, set vp Summer Haules, Bowers, and Arbours hard by it. And then fa! they to banquet and feast, to leape and daunce about it, as the a Heathen people did, at the dedication of their ldolles, whereof this is a perfect patteme, or rather the thing it selfe. I haue heard it crediblie reported (and that viua voce) by men of great grauity, credite, and reputation, that of fourtie, threescore, or a hundred Maides, going to the wood ouemight, there haue scarcely the third part of them returned home againe vndefiled.‘
The unraised pole seems to have survived until the beginning of the Civil War, (1644) when it was destroyed. But at the Restoration of Charles II a new and huge Maypole was ordered. It was joyously erected 134 ft high (41 metres) in the Strand. This one was danced around till 1713 when it was replaced. The original was sold to one Isaac Newton. He used it to support the biggest telescope in Europe, which was erected in Wanstead by a friend.
And that, my friends, is how you get from Superstition to Science in one easy story.
Old Print of Isaac Newton
Postscript.
I have always told people that the sermon leading to the destruction of the Shaft in 1549 was made at St Paul. I cannot remember where I read this. The suggestion that the Maypole in Cornhill was not used after 1517 seems strange. Why then would an unused maypole rouse a crowd to riot in 1549? Of the sources I have at hand, the London Encyclopedia mentions the riot of 1517 in its entry on St Andrew Undershaft but doesn’t elaborate more. ‘Layers of London‘ says ‘It was last raised in 1517 when ensuing riots led to the celebration being banned.’ which is definitive sounding. But is it? I wonder if it was banned for a year or two, then allowed again, and finally stopped in 1549?
May Day – Bringing the Maypole, Bedfordshire. Image from ‘Romantic Britain’
May morning would commence with dancing around the Maypole, followed by feasting, and summer games. Maypoles were often stored during the year. A few days before May Day they were repainted, and bedecked with May Garlands – mostly made from Hawthorn. The Maypole used in London in 1660 was 134 feet high. Tall straight trees were used, sometimes of Larch, and they might be spliced together to get the requisite height. John Stow says that each parish in London had their own Maypole, or combined with a neighbouring Parish. The main Maypole was on the top of Cornhill, in Leadenhall Street. It was stored under the eves of St Andrew’s Church, which became known as St Andrew’s Undershaft as a result. For more about Maypoles and May Day see my post may-2nd-this-stinking-idol-the-end-of-may-day/.
Padstow May Day Festival
Padstow holds, perhaps, the most famous May Day festival on May 1st. It feels very ‘pagan’ or do I mean it is fuelled by an enormous amount of drink? Here is a video, watch until you see the ‘obby ‘orse and the teaser dancing.
Why May Eve?
The celebrations begin on May Eve because the Celtic calendar starts the day at Dusk. This seems strange to us who, perversely, ‘start’ our day at Midnight just after everyone has gone to bed! The other choice, and maybe the most logical is Dawn? But Dawn and Dusk are difficult to fix. Midnight was chosen by Julius Caesar when he created the Julian Calendar. Midnight has the virtue of being a fixed metric, being half way between Dawn and Dusk. From the Celtic point of view, the day ends when the Sun goes down over the western horizon. So the end of the old day, is the beginning of the new day. Makes sense?
Celebrations centred around the Bonfire. The day was sacred to the fire God Belenus (Gaulish: Belenos, Belinos, British Belinus, Bel, or Beli), and May Day was called Beltane. Bonfires continued to be a part of the celebration into the 16th Century, and in places until the 2st Century. According to folklore tradition, the bonfire should be made of nine types of wood. They must be collected by nine teams of married men (or first born men). They must not carry any metal with them. The fire has to be lit by rubbing oak sticks together or a wooden awl twisted in a wooden log.
Participants, have to run sunwise around the fire. Oatcakes are distributed, with one being marked with a black spot. The one who collects it has to jump through the fire three times. Bonfires would have been, by choice on the top of hills. But then they were also held in the streets in London. May celebrations have a similarity to Halloween. This was also a fire festival and both are uncanny times when sprites and spirits abound.
Hawthorn
Hawthorn was a favoured wood not only because of its beautiful may flower. It was also said to be the wood the crown of thorns was made from. Hawthorn had the power of resisting supernatural forces. Therefore, it was used to protect doors, cribs, cow sheds and other places from witches.
Protecting Babies from Witches
Witches, it was said, got their power to fly from potions made from chopped up infants. The best protection was Christening. The custom was to have the christening as early as possible. Normally three days after birth. Shakespeare was baptised on 26th April 1564, so we celebrate his birthday on 23rd April. See my post for more on this subject. Cribs would be bedecked with Hawthorn and protection might be augmented by a bible, rowan, and garlic.
Special May Babies
Babies born between May 1 and 8 were thought to be special. They were destined to have power over man and beast. Weddings were frowned upon in Lent and in May, so April became a popular choice for marriage.
May Dew
After celebrations on May Eve (April 30th), women would go out in the woods to collect May, and other flowering plants. They would wash their faces in May Dew, preferably from the leaves of Hawthorn. If not from beneath an oak tree, or from a new-made grave. The dew was said to improve their complexion. It was also used for medical conditions such as gout and weak eyes.
Thinking Can Make it Happen?
Thinking of one’s lover on May Day might bring marriage within the year., it was thought This is a little like the modern woo-woo technique of ‘Manifesting’. Woo-woo or just woo is slang for something to do with crystals or other new age nonsense. Manifesting can either be a visualisation technique, whereby visualising the thing you want happening helps you concentrate on making it happen. The woo-woo part of it is that if you think it hard enough, you will get the universe to help make it happen. An analysis I heard on BBC Radio 4 showed that people who believe in the power of manifesting to alter the universe were more reckless in their endeavours and had a higher rate of bankruptcy and investment losses. It seemed they were more willing to take the risk. On the other hand, those who thought through the process of achieving their goals and the obstacles in the way of success were more successful.
Belenus
is a Celtic God of whom very little is clear and unambiguous. He was linked in Gaul with Apollo. The name, some people think, comes from ‘Shining’ but others disagree and think it means ‘Master of Power.’ His association with Irish mythology and the festival of Beltane suggests he was a powerful god in Celtic Europe. Geoffrey of Monmouth has a King called Belinus, and spins a yarn about Belinus and Billingsgate. Linguists prefer the idea that Billingsgate is named after some unknown Saxon called Billings. This may be a little more likely but far less interesting.
305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. Diocletian was a systems man. and changed the Empire so there were 2 Emperors, 4 Caesars, a lot of Prefects, and a shed load of Governors. It was supposed to make the Empire more efficient and less liable to Civil War. He also introduced a Wages and Prices freeze. For more about this see my post on Diocletian’s reforms here.
1328 – Wars of Scottish Independence end: By the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, England recognises Scotland as an independent state. (Wikipedia)
1707 – The Union of Scotland and England Proclaimed. In which Scotland voluntarily (aided by bribery and corruption) gave up its independence.
1851 – Opening of the Great Exhibition of All Nations in Hyde Park, inspired by Prince Albert and put into place by Henry Cole. See the V&A on the building of the V&A.
1945 – German Fascist Goebbels kills himself and his entire family
Walpurgis Nacht is the eve of the Feast of St Walpurga. On May 1st 870AD, St. Walpurga remains were ‘translated’ to Eichstätt. St Walpurgis Day is her feast day. Walpurga’s brother St Williibald had set up Eichstätt as the Diocesan centre of this part of Bavaria. Walpurga and her two brothers, Willibald and Winibald were Anglo-Saxon Saints who helped convert Germany to Christianity in the 8th Century. But, I wrote about the Saint and her brothers in on my page on St. Walpurga.
The Celtic Day began at Dusk, so May Day and the Feast of St Walpurga begins on 30th April. The Christian Church took over many local traditions and adapted them to the calendar of the Church. So a Saint’s Day, is preceded by an Eve. For example, All Hallows’ Day and Halloween, and May Day and May Eve.
Eve of Beltane
The evening of April 30th is also the beginning of Beltane. Beltane is one of the principal Celtic Festivals, dedicated to the God Belinus. It is a Celtic Fire Ceremony and the traditional beginning of Summer. It is 6 months before Halloween, (see my post of Halloween here.) Walpurgis Nacht is also halfway between the Spring equinox and the Summer solstice. So, a very important day in the Celtic Calendar. (see my post on May Day).
In Sweden it is known as Valborg and as Čarodejnice in the Czech Republic.
A day of Uncanny Weirdness?
As May Day was an uncanny period dedicated to Pagan Deities, Walpurgis Nacht became a time when all the weird things are alive in the world. In response, the Christian Church associated a saint to the day to be a focus for defeating witchcraft. So, it is a popular tradition for this Night to see the burning of an effigy of a witch on a bonfire.
Tomb of St Erconwald, destroyed by the Great Fire of London. By Wenceslaus Hollar – Artwork from University of Toronto Wenceslaus Hollar Digital CollectionScanned by University of TorontoHigh-resolution version extracted using custom tool by User:Dcoetzee, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6235771
It is also the Feast Day of St Erconwald. He was a Royal Prince but no one can agree of which Saxon Kingdom. He became one of the most famous Bishops of London (675 and 693). Chertsey Abbey and Barking Abbey were founded by the Saint. His sisterwhich his sister, St Ethelburga, became Abbess of Barking. Not only that, but he was known as the light of London and was responsible for rebuilding St Pauls Cathedral. And helping to complete the conversion of the Kingdom of Essex.
