Tag: Midwives

When Britain reluctantly joined the Gregorian Calendar, in 1752, we lost 11 days. So if you add 11 to 31st December you get to New Year’s Eve Old Style. You can do this with any festival date, and when celebrating, feel you are being really authentic.

So, anything you did on the New Year’s Eve New Style (31st Dec), you can do today New Year’s Eve Old Style. Except, of course, when you call in sick because of a hangover, you will need to convince your boss of the illegitimacy of the Gregorian Calendar! In case you have forgotten what you should be doing on New Year’s Eve you can look at my post here to find out.

Witchy New Year’s Eve Old Style

It’s a particularly ‘witchy’ evening because it is the traditional Eve, not the newfangled Gregorian one. Reginald Scot in his ‘Discovery of Witchcraft’ first published in 1584 reports on a way to find witches:

‘a charm to find who has bewitched your cattle. Put a pair of breeches upon the cow’s head, and beat her out of the pasture with a good cudgel upon a Friday and she will run right to the witch’s door and strike it with her horns‘

Reginald Scott’s book is available here and is a fascinating read. But, perhaps I need to say: don’t try this at home, as scientific research does not support it as a valid method!

Campaign against the slaughter of ‘poor, aged and the infirm’ as Witches

When I first posted this, I did not, to my shame, know the background to the book. I assumed the book was advocating this sort of nonsense. On the contrary. Reginald Scot was trying to debunk the absurd claims for witchcraft and magic. His book tries to prove that witchcraft and magic were rejected both by reason and religion. He believed that manifestations of either were ‘wilful impostures or illusions due to mental disturbance in the observers’.

The book is evidence that the large number of people who were executed as witches in the 16th and 17th Century, were the victims of a QAnon-style conspiracy, which was rejected by many educated and rational people. Please have a read of the cover of this 17th Century edition of Reginald Scot’s book. It gives a good idea of what he was setting out to counteract. Scot was a member of Parliament for New Romney, in Kent.

This is some of the text in the image below, which makes clear the prejudices at play in the campaign to execute witches:

‘For the preservation of poor, aged, deformed, ignorant people, frequently taken, arraigned, condemned and executed for witches, when, according to a right understanding and a good conscience, physic, food and necessaries should be administered to them.’

Carmentalia

It is also Carmentalia, the festival for Carmenta, the Roman Goddess of prophecy and childbirth. She was a much loved Goddess in the Roman pantheon. But little is known about her, perhaps because she has no clear match in the Greek pantheon? However, she was thought to be a nymph of the Arcadians, called Themis.

She has a long history in the story of Rome. She was the mother of Evander. Who is he? I hear you shouting! Well, he is the founder of Pallantium. Where on earth is that? You cry! It is the City on the site of Rome (on the Palatine Hill) that predated Rome! Who knew that? (The people at Vindolanda Roman Fort know, and they have a great page on Carmentalia here). The City was supposed to be of Greek origin, founded 60 years before the fall of Troy. Later, it was absorbed into Rome.

Carmenta

Carmenta had two sidekicks who were her sisters and attendants. Postvorta and Antevorta, They might be explained by Past and Future. (or, After and Before) as part of her role in prophecy. Or the two figures could represent babies that are either born head or legs first. She was an important enough Deity to command one of the fifteen flamens. These were priests of the state-sponsored religions. One of Carmenta’s flamen’s jobs was to ensure no one came to the temple wearing anything of leather. Leather was created from death, and not suitable for the Goddess of Childbirth, who was all about life.

The Vindolanda post makes the point that 2% of pre-modern births are likely to have caused the death of the mother. Because there was a high child mortality, the Roman Mother would have to have 5 children on average to keep the population stable. With a 2% death rate, and 5 children, they estimate that each mother had a 12% chance of death by giving birth. Good reason to have a Goddess on the Mum’s side. She is also the Goddess of Midwives.

Nicostrata

Carmenta was originally known as Nicostrata (which is Greek and means “victory-army”). She was credited with creating the Latin Alphabet by adding additional letters to the Greek one. So, she is also the Goddess of Technological Innovation. Some Goddess! . When she left Arcadia in Greece for Italy she took 15/16 letters of the Greek Alphabet, and joined them with local letters forming the original Latin alphabet. Later other letters were added. For more on Nicostrata see here. Her name was changed to Carmenta which comes from the word for song or spell or prophecy.

On This Day

1869 The Anglo-Zulu War began

1963 Whisky-A-Go-Go, the first discotheque opened in Los Angeles or so says my copy of the Chambers Book of Days. But research suggest there was an earlier Whisky-A-Go-Go opened in 1958 in Chicago. And that the name sprang from the Whisky à Gogo, established in Paris in 1947. It got its name from the famous Ealing Comedy Film Whisky Galore which was marketed in Paris as ‘Whisky a Gogo‘. (à gogo, meaning, in French, “in abundance”, “galore”) (Wikipedia)

You can rent the film on YouTube but here is a little excerpt from Whisky Galore! where the Islanders start to sample the Whisky they have rescued from a War time ship wreck.

First published in Jan 2022, revised January 2024, 2025. Nicostrata and Whisky Galore! added 2026