{"id":5578,"date":"2025-06-12T19:06:43","date_gmt":"2025-06-12T18:06:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/?p=5578"},"modified":"2025-06-12T19:08:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-12T18:08:26","slug":"queen-aethelflaed-the-creation-of-england-june-12th-918","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/queen-aethelflaed-the-creation-of-england-june-12th-918\/","title":{"rendered":"Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d &amp; the Creation of England June 12th, 918\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"189\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/AEthelflaed_as_depicted_in_the_cartulary_of_Abingdon_Abbey.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5579\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d as depicted in the cartulary of Abingdon Abbey (British Library Cotton MS Claudius B VI, f.14).Public Domain Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>On 12th June 918, Myrcna hl\u00e6dige, &#8220;Lady of the Mercians&#8221;, daughter of Alfred the Great, husband of \u00c6thelred, Duke of Mercia died.&nbsp; Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d is one of those extraordinary women who, in a world prejudiced against women played a significant role in politics, ruled her country with a strong, wise hand.&nbsp; The Anglo-Saxon chronicle says:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;<em>918 This year, \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d lady of the Mercians, with the help of God, before Laminas, conquered the town called Derby, with all that thereto belonged; and there were also slain four of her thanes, that were most dear to her, within the gates.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>But very shortly after they had become so, she died at Tamworth, twelve days before midsummer, the eighth year of her having rule and right lordship over the Mercians; and her body lies at Gloucester, within the east porch of St. Peter&#8217;s church<\/em>.&#8217; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/origin-rh.web.fordham.edu\/halsall\/source\/911anglosaxonchronical-aethelflaed.asp\">https:\/\/origin-rh.web.fordham.edu\/halsall\/source\/911anglosaxonchronical-aethelflaed.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her dad, Alfred found a way to defeat the Vikings.\u00a0 One of his key decisions was to consolidate an alliance with the Middle Anglian Kingdom of Mercia.\u00a0 Somehow, \u00c6thelred, leader of the Mercians was persuaded to give up his claim to be the King. In exchange, he was married to <em>\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d, <\/em> Alfred&#8217;s daughter, and took the title of Duke of Mercia. But under the over-kingship of Alfred&#8217;s West Saxon Kingdom of Wessex.\u00a0 Alfred renamed his Kingdom to &#8216;the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons&#8217;. This helped the Mercians (and other former independent Kingdoms) to feel they had been liberated from the Danes. And not conquered by the West Saxons.\u00a0\u00a0 When \u00c6thelred died, <em>\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d<\/em> continued to rule Mercia under the Kingship of her brother, Edward.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Burghs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"862\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2024-08-12-19.33.24-1024x862.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2024-08-12-19.33.24-1024x862.png 1024w, https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2024-08-12-19.33.24-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2024-08-12-19.33.24-768x647.png 768w, https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/2024-08-12-19.33.24.png 1076w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Map of the Midlands at the time of \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Together, they developed Alfred&#8217;s strategy of consolidating control by the creation of Burghs or Boroughs.\u00a0 These were defended townships,\u00a0 often reusing Roman Walls, but also putting walls around new towns.&nbsp; Or new walls around old towns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vikings were good at battle, not so good at sustaining long sieges. The burghs not only provided defence in depth, but also helped the economy with the revival of towns. These provided industrial and retail opportunities. Among the Boroughs created or restored were Tamworth, Warwick and Stafford.&nbsp; But, perhaps more important, was the reuse of Chester, as a strategic centre.  Just as it had been for the Romans, Chester was crucial to controlling Wales, the Midlands and the North.&nbsp;During Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d&#8217;s time the defences were extended to the River Dee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4608\" height=\"2592\" data-id=\"7489\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/wallingford-_aug_2020_25.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7489\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Wallingford Walls<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4608\" height=\"2592\" data-id=\"7490\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/wallingford-_aug_2020_26.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7490\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wallingford Walls<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4608\" height=\"2592\" data-id=\"7491\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/wallingford-_aug_2020_27.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7491\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wallingford Walls<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Defensive Circuit of Wallingford &#8211; essentially an earthen rampart. An Alfredian Burgh defending a ford across the River Thames. Photo: K Flude<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d&#8217;s Legacy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 917 invasions by three Viking armies failed as \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d sent an army which captured the crucial town of  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Derby\">Derby<\/a> and the territory around it. The town was one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_Boroughs_of_the_Danelaw\">Five Boroughs of the Danelaw<\/a>, together with Leicester, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lincoln,_England\">Lincoln<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nottingham\">Nottingham<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stamford,_Lincolnshire\">Stamford<\/a>. Derby was the first to fall to the English; she lost &#8220;four of her thegns who were dear to her&#8221; in the battle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d was &#8220;renowned as a competent war-leader&#8221;. The victory at Derby led to the East Anglian Danes submitting to Edward. And <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scandinavian_York\">York<\/a>, controlled by Vikings, offered to pledge their loyalty to \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d but she died on 12 June 918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Last two paragraphs based heavily on: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This fusion of Saxon and Anglian Kingdoms was the basis of the hugely successful and long-lived Kingdom of England.  Athelstan, grandson of King Alfred, having defeated Northumbria. renamed the Kingdom, England.  This Kingdom survived until it was absorbed into the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.  Or you could say it survives to the present day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For more on Saxon England <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/the-venerable-bede-died-may-26th-735ad\/\">read my post of the Venerable Bede<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First Published on 12th June 2025.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 12th June 918, Myrcna hl\u00e6dige, &#8220;Lady of the Mercians&#8221;, daughter of Alfred the Great, husband of \u00c6thelred, Duke of Mercia died.&nbsp; Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d is one of those extraordinary women who, in a world prejudiced against women played a significant role in politics, ruled her country with a strong, wise hand.&nbsp; The Anglo-Saxon chronicle says: &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/queen-aethelflaed-the-creation-of-england-june-12th-918\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d &amp; the Creation of England June 12th, 918\u00a0&#8220;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[112],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-almanac-of-the-past"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Queen \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d &amp; 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