{"id":2329,"date":"2025-12-16T18:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/?p=2329"},"modified":"2026-02-02T10:44:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T10:44:34","slug":"december-15th-grecian-winter-hesiods-works-days","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/december-15th-grecian-winter-hesiods-works-days\/","title":{"rendered":"Grecian Winter &#8211; Hesiod&#8217;s Works &amp; Days December 15th"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"543\" height=\"725\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/abney-park-harriet.png\" alt=\"Abney Park cemetary in winter\" class=\"wp-image-2671\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/abney-park-harriet.png 543w, https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/abney-park-harriet-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Abney Park cemetery in winter photo by Harriet Salsibury<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Hesiod is a contemporary of Homer, and therefore one of the first European poets, writing about 700BC. One of the first commentators on Greek life, thought, religion, mythology, farming and time keeping. Hesiod&#8217;s Works &amp; Days &#8216; is his Farmers Almanac and therefore long overdue an appearance on my Almanac of the Past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hesiod&#8217;s poems also introduce the idea of the epoch. Past glorious epochs of Gold and Bronze with a further descent to his own epoch which was of the base metal age of Iron. His so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ages_of_Man\">Myth of Five Ages<\/a>, starts with a Golden Age, in which Humans don&#8217;t need to work. Followed by a Silver Age where they live to one hundred years, but live a life of strife. The Bronze Age follows which is an even tougher age as the bronze armoured men are thoroughly violent.  The Age of Heroes follows which is the age of the Trojan War.  There follows the Iron Age which is Hesiod&#8217;s age a time of toil and misery!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>.In the 19th Century, European antiquarians, imbued with a humanist belief in Progress, developed the idea of Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages, an almost direct opposite of Hesiod&#8217;s, downhill-all-the-way to the present day idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hesiod also brings in early references to Prometheus and Pandora, two of the great myths of the flaws of humanity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hesiod and Winter<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is what he says of Winter. It is from a translation by  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.poetryintranslation.com\/kelkhesiodworksdays.php\">Christopher Kelk<\/a>, available to download <a href=\"https:\/\/www.poetryintranslation.com\/kelkhesiodworksdays.php\">here<\/a> (I have added line breaks after full stops, just for ease of reading.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Excerpt from Hesiod&#8217;s Works &amp; Days<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8230;. you should make <br>A detour during winter when the cold<br>Keeps men from work, for then a busy man<br>May serve his house. Let hardship not take hold,<br>Nor helplessness, through cruel winter\u2019s span,<br>Nor rub your swollen foot with scrawny hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An idle man will often, while in vain<br>He hopes, lacking a living from his land,<br>Consider crime. A needy man will gain<br>Nothing from hope while sitting in the street<br>And gossiping, no livelihood in sight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Say to your slaves in the midsummer heat:<br>\u201cThere won\u2019t always be summer, shining bright \u2013 <br>Build barns.\u201d Lenaion\u2019s evil days, which gall<br>The oxen, guard yourself against. Beware <br>Of hoar-frosts, too, which bring distress to all<br>When the North Wind blows, which blasts upon the air<br>In horse-rich Thrace and rouses the broad sea,<br>Making the earth and woods resound with wails.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He falls on many a lofty-leafed oak-tree<br>And on thick pines along the mountain-vales<br>And fecund earth, the vast woods bellowing.<br>The wild beasts, tails between their legs, all shake. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although their shaggy hair is covering<br>Their hides, yet still the cold will always make<br>Their way straight through the hairiest beast. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Straight through <br>An ox\u2019s hide the North Wind blows and drills<br>Through long-haired goats. His strength, though, cannot do<br>Great harm to sheep who keep away all chills<br>With ample fleece. He makes old men stoop low<br>But soft-skinned maids he never will go through \u2013<br>They stay indoors, who as yet do not know<br>Gold Aphrodite\u2019s work, a comfort to <br>Their darling mothers, and their tender skin<br>They wash and smear with oil in winter\u2019s space<br>And slumber in a bedroom far within<br>The house, when in his cold and dreadful place<br>The Boneless gnaws his foot (the sun won\u2019t show<br>Him pastures but rotate around the land<br>Of black men and for all the Greeks is slow<br>To brighten). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s the time the horn\u00e8d and <br>The unhorned beasts of the wood flee to the brush,<br>Teeth all a-chatter, with one thought in mind \u2013 <br>To find some thick-packed shelter, p\u2019raps a bush<br>Or hollow rock. Like one with head inclined<br>Towards the ground, spine shattered, with a stick<br>To hold him up, they wander as they try<br>To circumvent the snow. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As I ordain,<br>Shelter your body, too, when snow is nigh \u2013<br>A fleecy coat and, reaching to the floor,<br>A tunic. Both the warp and woof must you<br>Entwine but of the woof there must be more<br>Than of the warp. Don this, for, if you do, <br>Your hair stays still, not shaking everywhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Be stoutly shod with ox-hide boots which you<br>Must line with felt. In winter have a care<br>To sew two young kids\u2019 hides to the sinew<br>Of an ox to keep the downpour from your back,<br>A knit cap for your head to keep your ears<br>From getting wet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s freezing at the crack<br>Of dawn, which from the starry sky appears<br>When Boreas drops down: then is there spread<br>A fruitful mist upon the land which falls<br>Upon the blessed fields and which is fed<br>By endless rivers, raised on high by squalls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes it rains at evening, then again,<br>When the thickly-compressed clouds are animated<br>By Thracian Boreas, it blows hard. Then<br>It is the time, having anticipated<br>All this, to finish and go home lest you<br>Should be enwrapped by some dark cloud, heaven-sent,<br>Your flesh all wet, your clothing drenched right through.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the harshest month, both violent <br>And harsh to beast and man \u2013 so you have need<br>To be alert. Give to your men more fare<br>Than usual but halve your oxen\u2019s feed.<br>The helpful nights are long, and so take care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep at this till the year\u2019s end when the days<br>And nights are equal and a diverse crop<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep at this till the year\u2019s end when the days<br>And nights are equal and a diverse crop<br>Springs from our mother earth and winter\u2019s phase<br>Is two months old and from pure Ocean\u2019s top<br>Arcturus rises, shining, at twilight.<\/p>\n<cite>Hesiod&#8217;s Works and Days: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.poetryintranslation.com\/kelkhesiodworksdays.php\">Translation Christopher Kelk <\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"568\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Bust_of_Hesiod_-photo-by-Yair-Haklai-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Bust_of_Hesiod_-photo-by-Yair-Haklai-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum.jpg 330w, https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Bust_of_Hesiod_-photo-by-Yair-Haklai-Ancient_Roman_busts_in_the_Neues_Museum-174x300.jpg 174w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Roman Bust of Hesiod (Wikipedia photo by Yair Hakla) Neues Museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acturus is not seen in winter, and in the Northern Hemisphere its rising (50 days after the winter solstice)  and has always been associated with the advent of spring. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boreas was the winged God of the North wind, which bore down from the cold Mountains of Thrace (north of Macedonia).  One of his daughters, Khione, was the Goddess of Snow. Lenaion was associated with January one of the festivals of Dionysus, and a theatrical season in Athens particularly for comedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To see more of <a href=\"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/march-13th-hesiod-and-a-grecian-spring\/\">Hesiod see my post hesiod-and-a-grecian-spring\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First published 15th December 2022, republished December 2023, 2024,2025<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hesiod is a contemporary of Homer, and therefore one of the first European poets, writing about 700BC. One of the first commentators on Greek life, thought, religion, mythology, farming and time keeping. Hesiod&#8217;s Works &amp; Days &#8216; is his Farmers Almanac and therefore long overdue an appearance on my Almanac of the Past. Hesiod&#8217;s poems &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chr.org.uk\/anddidthosefeet\/december-15th-grecian-winter-hesiods-works-days\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Grecian Winter &#8211; Hesiod&#8217;s Works &amp; Days December 15th&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[112,146,106,116,377,298,115,333,252,393,324,107,13,375,185,712],"tags":[1904,1905,396,2378,394,2379,338,395],"class_list":["post-2329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-almanac-of-the-past","category-ancient-history","category-bronze-age","category-calendar","category-classical","category-farming-history","category-folklore","category-food-history","category-greece","category-greek","category-history","category-iron-age","category-literary-history","category-mythology","category-nature","category-science","tag-acturus","tag-boreas","tag-farming-almanac","tag-he-story-of-prometheus-and-pandora","tag-hesiod","tag-myth-of-five-ages","tag-winter","tag-work-and-days"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Grecian Winter - Hesiod&#039;s Works &amp; 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